Wednesday, January 25, 2012

The Elegant Universe- Brian Greene

This Novel was very fascinating to me and left me with alot of opportunity to consider what is possible with physics. It talks a great deal about general relativity and quantum mechanics. Einstein attempts to talk about how light and escribe it in an understandable manner,  "should be conceived of as a packet, or stream, of light particles" he said.Eistein even ventured to say that there were wavelike features in photons, this was in a way corect because there is evidence of wavelike features but are also particle like. Sometimes the two must be combined in order for answers quantum mechanics as well as general relativity. The auther then moves into the subject of strings and how they work as well as why they are usefull. Superstring theory is what it was called, it was said to explain the most simple objects of matter. A new revolution occurred when in  1984 Schwarz and Michael Green made a statement saying that the string theory was capable of explaining all four forces and all matter. This changed the rules of the physics game, this is marked as the first quantum theory taht also included gravitational force. Supersymmetry- theories that unite the four forces of nature with the elementary constituents of the universe, this was a way of describing the theory in a more down to earth way.  In 1925 a new discovery was made by Dutch physicists George Uhlenbeck and Samuel Goudsmi, the two proved together that When the earth spins on it's axis the electrons actuallly revolve and they also rotate twirling at a fixed rate forever.  Another discovery was made in 1971 by Pierre Ramond he was brave enough to successfully modify the equations of bosonic string theory in order to take patterns that were in this case  "half-integer vibrational " and take them into account. While all of this was happening it was still said that supersymmetrical theory was to be used to combine gravity with the 3 other main forces. Soon there was a new theory called M theory which was discovered to have more than one vibrational string, it also contains two dimensional membranes. In  1995 Witten came up with the next great superstring theory when he introduced duality which authorizes the perturbation theory (approximations made to guess the answer) and opens it up to many series of problems. One of the main points that was made in this book was that In a large black hole string theory is the only thing that can locate the disorder in the high entropy. The theories that were already in play which are general relativity and quantum mechanics do not explain ultramicroscopic particles and enormous mass to a satisfactory level. It is thought of that there might be an exsistence of a multiuniverse, this is something we are waiting on string theory to lead us to the answer of. As the overall point, string theory cannot be proven and probably never will be. It is a very fortunate discovery made by physicists in order to try to explain basically everything. Quantum mechanics and general relativity may never been in sync, but there is always the possibility. One of the qutes in this book that stood out toward the end were all of the unanswered questions summed up... "are there limits to what science can explain? Can we ever know everything about our universe? Will we ever really be done"? this is what is said by the author in order to leave you to linger with all of the thoughts that he could not make concrete at this time.

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